Periodontitis as a risk factor for peri-implantitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the scientific evidence from observational studies concerning the risk of peri-implantitis development in periodontally-compromised patients. SOURCE: The search was carried out in Medline, via PubMed, and the Cochrane Library up to March 2018. STUDY SELECTION: Clinical studies reporting data on periodontitis and peri-implantitis, with confirmed diagnosis of peri-implantitis based on specific parameters (peri-implant probing depth and peri-implant bleeding on probing) and with evaluations of implants with at least 1 year of function were selected. DATA: Nineteen articles were included; only two did not show any association between periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Quality analysis of the articles revealed a low risk of bias in most of the studies. Meta-analyses by study design on patient data showed that patients with periodontitis had a 2.29 higher risk of peri-implantitis than patients without periodontitis (95%CI: 1.34-3.24). However, the effect estimate was OR 5.15 (95%CI: -3.35; 13.65; I2: 0%, p = 0.887) for cohort studies. A subgroup analysis showed a significant association between peri-implantitis and chronic periodontitis (patient based data: OR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.79-4.00). Meta-analysis by study design on implant data showed that implants in individuals with periodontitis had 2.15 higher chances of having peri-implantitis (95%CI: 1.10; 3.21). However, the effect estimate was OR 3.24 (95%CI: -0.05; 6.53) for cohort studies. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review showed that diagnosis or history of periodontitis was associated with the occurrence of peri-implantitis. However, this association was not observed when only the cohort studies were analyzed. Results should be evaluated with caution due to heterogeneity among the included primary studies. Registration number CRD42015009518. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Peri-implantitis is a prevalent condition and and present an uncertain prognosis. Determining the potential factors associated with peri-implantitis is fundamental for preventive strategies.

Effects of smoking on tooth loss among individuals under periodontal maintenance therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Dental mortality has been reported by longitudinal studies on periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT), but the independent effect of smoking on tooth loss (TL), adjusted for important confounding variables, has been poorly evaluated. This systematic review aimed to assess and analyze the isolated effect of smoking TL among individuals undergoing PMT. Electronic, manual, grey literature, and recent articles (from April 2018) were searched, with no restriction regarding language; respective dates of publication were included. Epidemiological clinical studies reporting TL data among smokers undergoing PMT in comparison to nonsmoker control groups were selected. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was performed, as well as I2 heterogeneity and sensitivity tests. Evidence quality was assessed using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Eleven papers were included in the systematic review: four case-control and seven cohort studies. Ten out of the 11 studies concluded that smoking was an important risk factor for the occurrence of TL. Meta-analysis of four of the cohort studies found that smokers had 3.24 times the chance of occurrence of TL than nonsmokers undergoing PMT (95%CI: 1.33-7.90). Overall, studies' risk of bias was low. The quality of the scientific evidence moderately supports that smokers undergoing PMT have a greater chance of TL than nonsmokers.

Effects of smoking on tooth loss among individuals under periodontal maintenance therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Os efeitos do tabagismo sobre a perda dentária em indivíduos em terapia periodontal de suporte: uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise / Los efectos del consumo de tabaco en la pérdida de dientes entre personas con una terapia de mantenimiento periodontal: un revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Abstract: Dental mortality has been reported by longitudinal studies on periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT), but the independent effect of smoking on tooth loss (TL), adjusted for important confounding variables, has been poorly evaluated. This systematic review aimed to assess and analyze the isolated effect of smoking TL among individuals undergoing PMT. Electronic, manual, grey literature, and recent articles (from April 2018) were searched, with no restriction regarding language; respective dates of publication were included. Epidemiological clinical studies reporting TL data among smokers undergoing PMT in comparison to nonsmoker control groups were selected. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was performed, as well as I2 heterogeneity and sensitivity tests. Evidence quality was assessed using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Eleven papers were included in the systematic review: four case-control and seven cohort studies. Ten out of the 11 studies concluded that smoking was an important risk factor for the occurrence of TL. Meta-analysis of four of the cohort studies found that smokers had 3.24 times the chance of occurrence of TL than nonsmokers undergoing PMT (95%CI: 1.33-7.90). Overall, studies' risk of bias was low. The quality of the scientific evidence moderately supports that smokers undergoing PMT have a greater chance of TL than nonsmokers.

Resumo: A perda dentária tem sido relatada em estudos longitudinais sobre terapia periodontal de suporte (TPS), mas houve menos investigação sobre o efeito independente do tabagismo sobre a perda dentária, ajustado por importantes variáveis de confusão. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo avaliar e analisar o efeito isolado do tabagismo sobre perda dentária em indivíduos em TPS. A estratégia incluiu fontes eletrônicas, busca manual, literatura cinzenta e artigos recentes (publicados a partir de abril de 2018), sem restrição quanto ao idioma; as datas de publicação foram incluídas. Foram selecionados estudos clínico-epidemiológicos com dados sobre perda dentária entre tabagistas em TPS, comparado com grupos-controle de não-tabagistas. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada com a Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa. Foi realizada uma meta-análise, assim como, I2 testes de heterogeneidade e de sensibilidade. A qualidade das evidências foi avaliada com a escala GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). Onze artigos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática, sendo quatro estudos de casos e controles e sete estudos de coorte. Dez dos 11 estudos concluíram que o tabagismo é importante fator de risco para a ocorrência de perda dentária. De acordo com a meta-análise de quatro dos estudos de coorte, os tabagistas em TPS apresentavam risco 3,24 vezes maior de ocorrência de perda dentária quando comparados aos não tabagistas (IC95%: 1,33-7,90). O risco global de viés nos estudos foi baixo. A revisão mostrou qualidade moderada das evidências científicas de que os tabagistas em TPS apresentam risco maior de perda dentária do que os não-tabagistas.

Resumen: La mortalidad dental ha sido estudiada en estudios longitudinales acerca de la terapia de mantenimiento periodontal (TMP), pero el efecto independiente de fumar en la pérdida de dientes (PD), ajustado a variables de confusión importantes, se ha evaluado muy poco. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo evaluar y analizar el efecto aislado de fumar en la PD con personas bajo TMP. Se investigó en medios electrónicos, manuales, literatura gris, y artículos recientes (desde abril 2018), sin restricciones respecto a la lengua; incluyendo sus respectivas fechas de publicación. Además, se seleccionaron estudios clínicos epidemiológicos que trabajaban sobre datos de PD entre fumadores que estaban bajo TMP, en comparación con grupos de control de no fumadores. La calidad metodológica se evaluó usando la Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa. Se realizó un metaanálisis, así como tests de heterogeneidad I2 y sensibilidad. La evidencia de calidad fue evaluada usando GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Se incluyeron once trabajos en la revisión sistemática (cuatro de caso-control y siete estudios de cohortes). Diez de los once estudios concluyeron que fumar era un factor de riesgo importante para la ocurrencia de PD. Los metaanálisis de cuatro de los estudios de cohorte descubrieron que los fumadores tenían 3,24 veces más la oportunidad de sufrir PD, en comparación con los no fumadores TMP (IC95%: 1,33-7,90). En general, el riesgo de sesgo en los estudios fue bajo. La calidad de la evidencia científica respaldó moderadamente que los fumadores bajo TMP contaban con más oportunidad de PD que los no fumadores.

Influence of Periodontal Parameters on Root Coverage: A Longitudinal Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of initial periodontal clinical parameters on the final outcome of the treatment of periodontal recessions by means of a coronally positioned flap (CPF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CPF technique was used in a total of 39 Miller Class I/II gingival recessions of the upper canines and/or premolars. The clinical periodontal parameters evaluated were: probing depth, gingival recession height, gingival recession width, keratinized mucosa, attached keratinized mucosa, flap thickness and free gingival margin thickness. The degree of root coverage was evaluated 6 months and 1 year after the surgery. The data were analyzed by Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney and Pearson's correlation tests, as well as linear regression. RESULTS: A significant reduction in gingival recession height, gingival recession width, keratinized mucosa, and attached keratinized mucosa were observed. A significant negative correlation was found between gingival recession and root coverage percentage at 1 year, and a significant negative correlation between gingival margin thickness and coverage percentage at 1 year. The gingival recession and flap thickness significantly predicted the amount of root coverage. CONCLUSIONS: The initial dimensions of gingival recession and the mucosa thickness were correlated to the percentage of root coverage. The gingival recession width was the major predictor of root coverage.

Terapia de manutenção periodontal: perfil microbiológico e efeito do tabagismo na perda dental / Periodontal maintenance therapy: microbial profile and effects of smoking on tooth loss

Esta Tese reporta dois estudos distintos relacionados à terapia de manutenção periodontal (TMP): achados microbiológicos longitudinais de 6 anos relacionados à cooperação dos indivíduos e efeito do tabagismo na perda dental. A justificativa para estes estudos é baseada em dois aspectos pontuais: (1) Embora a associação do tabagismo como fator de risco para a periodontite e pior resposta à TMP tenha sido demonstrada em muitos estudos, o efeito isolado deste sobre a perda dental em indivíduos submetidos a TMP ainda não foi reportado em revisões sistemáticas; (2) Poucos estudos têm sido conduzidos avaliando mudanças longitudinais na microbiota subgengival de indivíduos em TMP e, até o momento, nenhum estudo relacionou níveis de bactérias associadas à periodontite com o grau de cooperação dos indivíduos em TMP. Neste sentido, os objetivos deste estudo são apresentados em dois artigos científicos: (1) realizar uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise do efeito do tabagismo na perda dental em indivíduos em TMP, com a seguinte questão focal: ¿Qual é o efeito do tabagismo na perda dental em indivíduos em terapia de manutenção periodontal?¿; (2) avaliar longitudinalmente, durante 6 anos, o efeito da cooperação em TMP na frequência das bactérias Actinomyces naeslundii, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia e Treponema dentícola. Na revisão sistemática as bases de dados MEDLINE, WEB OF SCIENCE, COCHRANE LIBRARY e SCOPUS foram pesquisadas, incluindo artigos até fevereiro de 2017. A estratégia de busca identificou 728 referências. Após a remoção das duplicatas, restaram 591 para a seleção baseada nos títulos e resumos, e desses, foram selecionados 36 para leitura completa do texto. Após a leitura, foram incluídos 10 artigos para revisão sistemática e 3 artigos para meta-análise. A qualidade da evidência científica foi moderada para indivíduos tabagistas em TMP apresentarem maior chance de perda dental que indivíduos não tabagistas. A metodologia do estudo microbiológico englobou um total de 56 indivíduos, todos recrutados de um coorte prospectivo com 212 participantes de um programa de TMP. Estes indivíduos foram acompanhados durante 6 anos, em 5 tempos de avaliações: T1 (anterior à terapia periodontal ativa), T2 (após a terapia periodontal ativa), T3 (última visita à TMP em 2 anos), T4 (última visita à TMP em 4 anos) e T5 (última visita à TMP em 6 anos). Assim, 28 indivíduos cooperadores regulares (CR) foram randomizados e pareados, pelo gênero e idade, a 28 indivíduos cooperadores irregulares (CI). Durante a TMP, os exames periodontais avaliaram os parâmetros clínicos: índice de placa (IP), profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível clínico de inserção (NCI) e sangramento à sondagem (SS). A quantificação de bactérias em carga total e dos níveis de A. naeslundii, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia e T. dentícola foi executada pela reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa (qPCR). Este estudo concluiu que CI apresentaram piores parâmetros clínicos periodontais e maiores níveis de carga bacteriana total que CR, refletindo o papel benéfico da cooperação na TMP em manter a estabilidade da condição periodontal

This Thesis report two distinct issues related to periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT): microbiological findings of 6 years related to compliance of individuas and effect of smoking on tooth loss. The rattionale for these studies is based on two specific aspects: (1) Although the association of smoking as a risk factor for periodontitis and worse response to PMT has been demonstrated in many studies, the isolated effect of smoking on tooth loss in patients undergiong PMT has not been reported in systematic reviews; (2) Few studies have been conducted on longitudinal changes in the subgingival microbiota of individuals in PMT and to date, no study related levels of bacteria to the degree of cooperation of individuls in PMT...

Effect of Periodontal Parameters on Root Coverage.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of periodontal clinical parameters on the treatment of gingival recession by means of a coronally positioned flap (CPF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this clinical study, the coronally positioned flap technique was used in a sample of 14 individuals with Miller's Class I or II gingival recession of the canines and/or maxillary premolars, totaling 39 recessions. The clinical periodontal parameters evaluated were: probing depth (PD), gingival recession height (GRH), gingival recession width (GRW), clinical attachment level (CAL), keratinized mucosa (KM), attached keratinized mucosa (AKM), gingival thickness (GT) and free gingival margin thickness (GMT). The degree of root coverage was evaluated 3 months after the surgical procedures were performed. The data were analyzed using Student's-t, Mann-Whitney and Pearson's correlation tests, as well as the Cohen's d. RESULTS: After root coverage, there was no significant change in PD. Significant reductions in GRH and GRW were observed. In addition, a significant reduction in KM and AKM, and an increase in GMT were also observed. A significant negative correlation was found between initial GMT and gingival recession at 3 months, and a significant negative correlation between GT and periodontal recession at 3 months. There was large effect size for GRH, GRW, CAL, KM, AKM and GMT parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The initial gingival recession height, keratinized mucosa and free gingival margin thickness were the parameters that had the most influence on root coverage by the coronal sliding flap technique.

Enamel Pearls Implications on Periodontal Disease.

Dental anatomy is quite complex and diverse factors must be taken into account in its analysis. Teeth with anatomical variations present an increase in the rate of severity periodontal tissue destruction and therefore a higher risk of developing periodontal disease. In this context, this paper reviews the literature regarding enamel pearls and their implications in the development of severe localized periodontal disease as well as in the prognosis of periodontal therapy. Radiographic examination of a patient complaining of pain in the right side of the mandible revealed the presence of a radiopaque structure around the cervical region of lower right first premolar. Periodontal examination revealed extensive bone loss since probing depths ranged from 7.0 mm to 9.0 mm and additionally intense bleeding and suppuration. Surgical exploration detected the presence of an enamel pearl, which was removed. Assessment of the remaining supporting tissues led to the extraction of tooth 44. Local factors such as enamel pearls can lead to inadequate removal of the subgingival biofilm, thus favoring the establishment and progression of periodontal diseases.

Periodontite: um fator de risco para a peri-implantite / Periodontitis: a risk factor for peri-implantitis

A peri-implantite é um processo inflamatório que afeta os tecidos em torno do implante já osseointegrado e em função, resultando na perda do tecido ósseo de suporte. As infecções peri-implantares têm similaridade com doenças periodontais, o que não surpreende, pois há um potencial de transmissão de patógenos periodontais para os implantes. Os fatores de risco para a periodontite e peri-implantite são quase idênticos, sendo que a suscetibilidade à periodontite se acresce como um risco a mais para a peri-implantite. Atualmente, vários estudos estão sendo desenvolvidos com o intuito de investigar os mecanismos associados à peri-implantite em determinados sítios. Conhecer a etiologia, os agentes bacterianos envolvidos e as formas de evolução das infecções peri-implantares é, portanto, de extrema importância para o planejamento consistente e realista de uma terapia com implantes osseointegráveis

Alterações periodontais associadas às doenças sistêmicas em crianças e adolescentes: [revisão] / Periodontal problems associated with systemic diseases in children and adolescents: [review]

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estuo foi revisar na literatura a inter-relação entre condições sistêmicas e a ocorrência de doenças periodontais em crianças e adolescentes, destacando-se as manifestações periodontais frequentemente encontradas. FONTES DE DADOS: Artigos indexados nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e Bibliografia Brasileira em Odontologia, nos últimos 20 anos, além de referências clássicas. As palavraschave utilizadas foram: "doença periodontal", "periodontite", "doenças sistêmicas", "criança" e "adolescente". SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Doenças sistêmicas como hipofosfatasia, histiocitose X, síndrome de Down, síndrome de Papillon-Lefèvre, síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos, síndrome de Chédiak-Higashi, leucemias, Aids e as deficiências quantitativas e qualitativas dos neutrófilos estão associadas ao aparecimento de alterações periodontais graves em crianças e adolescentes. Os estudos demonstraram a ocorrência de alteração periodontal na forma de periodontite em crianças e adolescentes com doenças sistêmicas, podendo levar à perda precoce de dentes. CONCLUSÕES: A ocorrência de alterações periodontais é observada em crianças e adolescentes com alterações sistêmicas, que manifestam desde inflamação gengival até formas mais destrutivas, como periodontites e perda precoce dos dentes.

OBJETIVE: The aim of this study was to review the literature regarding the relationship between systemic conditions and the occurrence of periodontal diseases among children and adolescents, and to highlight the most common periodontal alterations. DATA SOURCE: Indexed articles published in the last 20 years on the following databases were searched: Medline, Lilacs, and the archives of the Brazilian Bibliography of Dentistry, in addition to classic references. Keywords included "periodontal disease", "periodontitis", "systemic diseases", "child", and "adolescent". DATA SYNTHESIS: Systemic diseases such as hypophosphatasis, histiocytosis X; Down, Papillon-Lefèvre, Ehlers-Danlos and Chédiak-Higashi syndromes, as well as leukemia, Aids, quantitative and qualitative neutrophilic deficiencies are associated with severe periodontal alterations among children and adolescents. Several studies demonstrated the occurrence of periodontitis, which can lead to early tooth loss among children and adolescents diagnosed with systemic diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of periodontal alterations is observed in children and adolescents with systemic diseases. There are several manifestations, ranging from gingival inflammations to more destructive patterns, such as periodontitis and early teeth losses.